The goal build quicker the potential for remember and solutions biases, and also the high rate out-of retention quicker prejudice on account of an effective losses to follow-upwards. Diet try reviewed multiple times throughout the realize-up, and that got into consideration changes in dinner habits and you may quicker aspect error; but not, particular mistake are inevitable. Regardless if shots were self-claimed, data medical professionals, with no knowledge of the newest worry about-said risk foundation standing off users, reviewed participants’ medical ideas to ensure the newest stroke diagnosis and you can categorize brand new coronary attack method of. However, because the 24% of women with heart attack regarding NHS We and you will 32% in the NHS II don’t render consent to review the medical info, we had been incapable of identify the strokes due to the fact ischemic or hemorrhagic; for this reason, the new numbers of coronary arrest brands was indeed shorter. However, the enormous quantity of players plus the a lot of time time of follow-up considering adequate ability to discover clinically relevant variations in dangers from overall stroke and you will coronary arrest models. Concurrently, new upgraded meta-analyses provided service in regards to our results with the dieting consumption out of magnesium, potassium, and you may calcium and you will danger of overall coronary arrest. A major limitation of your own current research is actually the inability to separate the newest independent ramifications of the 3 vitamins having much confidence by higher correlations among them. Together with, given that investigation inhabitants mainly consisted of Caucasian females ( 12), the outcomes of your most recent study is almost certainly not generalizable so you’re able to guys otherwise ethnically varied populations.
To conclude, results from these 2 high prospective degree give strong facts to support a keen inverse connection ranging from mutual intakes from magnesium, potassium, and calcium out of dieting and heart attack risk. The latest independent character each and every nutrient throughout the decrease in stroke exposure is difficult in order to explain. At exactly the same time, the end result ones minerals with the threat of stroke separate out of eating supply is difficult to help you explain. This research supports the advice of Weight loss Ways to Stop Blood pressure levels, Max Macronutrient Consumption Demo to eliminate Cardiovascular disease, and you can Mediterranean dieting, hence render large slimming down intake of them minerals.
New authors’ duties have been the following-SNA: did mathematical analyses and published the brand new manuscript; DS, WCW, and you can KMR: provided critical opinions of your manuscript; and all sorts of writers: read and you will recognized the final manuscript. None of your own people advertised a conflict of great interest regarding the study.
FOOTNOTES
Backed by the fresh new NIH (features UM1CA176726, UM1CA186107, D43TW009106, HL34594, CA87969, and you will HL088521) while the Bernard Lown Heart disease Program (to SNA).
Procedures
Information was obtained on potential confounding factors, including medical history, other aspects of dietary intake https://datingranking.net/making-friends/, and lifestyle behaviors that could be associated with intake of these minerals and risk of stroke. These variables were updated biennially and included cigarette smoking (never, past, or current), physical activity (<3, 3 to <9, 9 to <18, 18 to <27, or ?27 metabolic equivalent tasks per week), menopausal status (premenopausal or postmenopausal), postmenopausal hormone therapy use (never, past, or current), parental history of early myocardial infarction (before age 60 y), multivitamin use (yes or no), thiazide use (yes or no), aspirin use at least 2 times/wk (yes or no), and history of hypertension, diabetes, or hypercholesterolemia (yes or no). Height and weight were self-reported at baseline, and weight was updated from follow-up questionnaire responses. BMI (in kg/m 2 ) was calculated as weight divided by height squared. BMI was divided into 3 categories (i.e., <25, 25 to <30, and ?30). Quintiles were calculated for total energy intake (kcal), and we used alcohol consumption categories of 0, 0 to <5, 5 to <10, 10 to <15, and ?15 g/d.
Age-standard functions off 86,149 ladies in the brand new NHS We inside the 1994 and you will 94,715 women in brand new NHS II within the 1995 from the quintiles from magnesium, potassium, and you can calcium supplements consumption step one
Pooled RRs (95% CIs) off complete, ischemic, and you may hemorrhagic shots because of the quintiles out-of total and fat loss potassium consumption inside 86,149 feamales in this new NHS I and you may 94,715 women in new NHS II 1
By the relatively high standard of correlation anywhere between these nutritional elements, i and tested a combined magnesium, potassium, and you will calcium diet plan get ( Desk 5). To own investigations of females in the higher with reduced quintiles out-of joint magnesium, potassium, and calcium diet plan get, the latest pooled multivariate RR to own overall stroke is actually 0.81 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.91; P-development = 0.003). Results was in fact equivalent to possess ischemic yet not hemorrhagic coronary attack.
Discussion
Brand new relation between intakes out of magnesium, potassium, and you will calcium supplements and you may risk of stroke shown in the present studies is much like the fresh new relatives ranging from intake of those nutrition and you will threat of IHD. In the potential studies, diet consumption of magnesium and you may potassium have been inversely of risk off IHD ( 46, 47), but discover no family members with calcium supplements intake and risk of IHD in females ( 48). Along with, intakes off magnesium and you may calcium supplements not potassium was basically in the down chance of CVD mortality in a number of ( twenty four, 46, 49) although not all of the ( 50) knowledge.